Laureates of Mustafa(pbuh)Prize 2023

The Future Architecture of Software

With the advancement of cutting-edge technologies, artificial intelligence, data mining, and big data analytics have become central pillars of software transformation. In this landscape, the influential role of researchers like Ahmed Hassan has become increasingly prominent. By integrating principles of software engineering, artificial intelligence, and data mining, Hassan seeks to enhance software quality, strengthen data security, and optimize the use of vast datasets in digital systems. His research revolves around Mining Software Repositories (MSR), a field that enables the analysis of existing software data using advanced machine learning algorithms. This approach helps software developers learn from past trends and make more informed decisions for building future systems.
In the Path of Major Currents
Ahmed Hassan was born in 1976 in Egypt. He pursued his education in his home country through high school before his mother’s decision to immigrate to Canada introduced him to an entirely new environment. His mother, a television translator in Egypt, had lost her husband and faced the dual challenges of raising her children single-handedly and navigating career limitations in Canada. She endured all these hardships for the sake of her two sons’ future. Ahmed completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Waterloo and later moved to the United States to work on an IBM project in San Jose. Recognizing that leading research projects required advanced credentials, he returned to Canada to pursue a master’s degree.
From Play to Progress
Ahmed’s scientific journey began in childhood when his uncle and his uncle’s wife gifted him a computer for entertainment—a large, old machine that required studying its manual to operate. Having never used such a system before, Ahmad’s curiosity drove him to learn more about it. The logical and mathematical nature of computing resonated with him, as he had always been passionate about mathematics. This interest prompted him to shift his academic focus from mathematics to computer science. As he grew older, his fascination with the field deepened. Ahmed’s awareness of the significant advancements made by ancient Egyptians and the old Islamic world, compared to humanity’s current progress, fueled his drive to move forward. In his view, Egypt and the Islamic world had to bridge the gap and reclaim their historical prominence.
Destination of Pride
Ahmed Hassan continued his academic and professional journey in computer science and software engineering, quickly establishing himself as a distinguished researcher in the field. He is currently a professor at Queen’s University and the director of its Artificial Intelligence and Software Analytics Laboratory. Alongside these roles, Hassan serves as the director of the industrial research division at the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. His scientific achievements have earned him recognition as a distinguished member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The computer science community and IEEE also credit him as a pioneer of the MSR discipline. For his contributions to MSR and software engineering, Hassan became the youngest laureate of the 2023 Mustafa(pbuh)  Prize, which he regards as global recognition of his efforts. Additionally, he has registered numerous patents in countries including Canada, the United States, India, Europe, and Japan. 
Building a Research Community
One of Ahmed Hassan’s significant achievements is the establishment of a broad research community in the field of Mining Software Repositories (MSR). He initiated a specialized workshop that has grown into the second-largest conference in software engineering today. Hassan believes that fostering such a community is crucial for advancing the field, as it enables developers to leverage each other’s experiences. A computer engineering professor, commenting on the future of this technology, stated, “Humanity will never produce completely flawless software.” As user demands grow, software systems will become increasingly complex, making methods like MSR essential for helping developers create more optimized software.
In the Orbit of Collaboration
According to Ahmed Hassan, communication forms a critical part of building and nurturing the global MSR research community. Additionally, persuading managers and funding organizations is a vital aspect of this growth process. By overcoming his introverted tendencies, Hassan successfully navigated this path and brought his research to fruition. As he puts it, “Communication is of utmost importance for any scientist.” A key factor in his success has been his strong connections with major technology companies such as Microsoft, Google, BlackBerry, IBM, and Nortel. These collaborations have allowed him to implement his software engineering methods on a global scale. He believes that the synergy between academia and industry enables scientific research to transcend theoretical boundaries and make a tangible impact on real-world products and services.
Center of Focus
Hassan’s research emphasizes several core areas, including data-driven software engineering, where statistical methods and machine learning are used to extract optimal patterns for software development. As previously mentioned, he also focuses on Mining Software Repositories, analyzing historical data to understand software behavior and enhance its performance. Another key area of his work is improving the security of software systems by employing artificial intelligence to identify security threats and propose solutions to counter them. Furthermore, Hassan emphasizes the automation of software development processes, designing tools that make programming simpler and more efficient.
Ahmed Hassan’s scientific journey demonstrates that success in advanced technologies is not solely dependent on technical expertise. Long-term vision, responsiveness to emerging needs, and the ability to foster connections among individuals and diverse scientific fields are critical drivers of progress. The future of software engineering will undoubtedly require such leaders—those who understand science and apply it effectively.
 

A Journey Through Software Evolution

Years ago, when computers were merely seen as tools for solving mathematical equations, the tireless inventors working to bring computers into existence had to realize that what they were creating was far more than a calculator. In the early 1990s, the first computing machines, such as Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, used punched cards to input program text and data into the system and store information. In this method, a hole in a designated section represented a value of one in Boolean algebra. The widespread use of punched cards continued until 1950, with IBM producing 10 million of these cards daily by 1937. However, each punched card could only store 70 bytes of data. As a result, all of them together could only hold 679 megabytes of data.
Pushing the limits
In today’s world, the data volume of an average software company can range from several terabytes to tens of terabytes! Indeed, it seems that advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly contributed to continuous improvements in computer memory and storage. When memory technology reached a level capable of processing and storing massive amounts of data quickly and efficiently, complex machine learning algorithms, particularly a branch known as deep learning, experienced explosive growth. In the past, memory limitations prevented the execution of models with billions of parameters. With improvements in this area, the ability to process large datasets became possible, and the boundaries of innovation in artificial intelligence expanded. Increased memory access speeds, enhanced storage capacity, and reduced latency, combined with the growing use of modern technologies such as next-generation DRAM and NVMe drives, created conditions that allowed computers to perform extensive and heavy computations simultaneously. Thus, the simultaneous advancement of hardware and algorithmic developments has been the primary driver of the rapid transformation in artificial intelligence.
Behind the Code
Software engineering is both a science and an art of creating complex software systems, embodying a structured approach to designing, developing, testing, deploying, and maintaining these systems. In other words, this discipline strives to apply engineering principles to produce software that meets high standards in terms of quality, performance, maintainability, and future scalability. As a result, the technologies and services of this field assist users in enhancing productivity and efficiency. Ahmed Hassan, a prominent researcher in this area, views software engineering as a means to bring together many individuals to create something exceptional and innovative. The key lies in uniting people and managing the complexities associated with their collaboration, as software engineering extends beyond the technical aspects of computing. Technical elements intertwine with managerial dimensions and user-related considerations, working together to produce a product that undoubtedly has a tangible impact on society.

From Data to Wisdom
The emerging field of Software Repository Mining (MSR) seeks to analyze and explore the rich data available to uncover insightful and well-documented information about software systems from repositories such as version control systems, email list archives, bug tracking systems, and more. Additionally, this field focuses on revealing dependencies and the structure of related data. Software repositories essentially serve as high-volume databases for storing records, holding data related to a computer company’s products. Typically, software repositories are divided into two parts: the data itself is stored in a version control or source control system, while metadata—information about changes related to each piece of data—is maintained in a separate section. Some define software repository mining as a process of obtaining primary evidence by extracting data from software repositories. Furthermore, certain individuals describe data sources as product-centric artifacts, such as source code, requirements documentation, or version archives, meaning these sources are self-generated documentation based on the product development process. They claim that these sources remain unaffected by external influences, yet they still contain noise and are considered incomplete.
Among the techniques used in MSR is coupled change analysis. The concept of coupled change analysis is based on the observation that developers frequently modify code entities simultaneously to fix bugs or introduce new features. These relationships between code components are often not explicitly documented in the code or other materials. In particular, developers new to a project may not know which entities need to be modified together. The goal of coupled change analysis is to extract these relationships from the project’s version control system. By examining recorded changes in various commits and the timing of those changes, it is possible to identify entities that consistently change together. This information can then be provided to developers working on one of these entities, supporting them in making informed changes moving forward.
Among other software repository mining (MSR) techniques, commit analysis in the software development process stands out. In version control systems, various types of commits exist, such as those related to bug fixes, adding new features, documentation, and more. To make fact-based decisions that lead to more accurate outcomes based on past commits, it is necessary to select subsets of commits relevant to the specific area of interest and enrich the associated data. Generating statistics and documentation is another technique in this field, enabling the creation of valuable documentation by extracting data from software repositories. For example, by calculating usage statistics, newcomers can quickly identify frequently used components. The primary data extraction is derived from version control systems.
Ahmed Hassan’s research in software engineering has significantly accelerated advancements in programming and software development. He believes, “The overarching idea of collecting this volume of data has evolved into a broad and successful field of research worldwide, and today, many major companies, including Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, have integrated this approach into their production and development platforms, enhancing the quality of their software.” It can be said that software repository mining research serves as an empirical guide, encouraging programmers and preventing them from making redundant errors. Fortunately, with researchers like Hassan, this guide is present in leading global companies, fostering hope for smarter and faster technological progress.
 

At the Nanoscale, In the Expanse of Life
The Birth of a Motivation
“Live in such a way that your name and deeds remain eternal after your death,” was the advice Omid Farokhzad's father repeatedly imparted to his children. The result of being raised in a family of avid readers is a distinguished scientist in the field of nanomedicine. The foundation of this scientist's growth was a father who cherished reading, for whom books were an integral part of his life's, and who instilled this noble habit in his children. The influence of his father on Omid's life is so profound that he always tries to live up to his expectations. Omid, the fourth child of a middle-class family, was born on February 18, 1969. His childhood was spent in Tehran, where, during his early school years, he showed an interest in building electronic circuits and observing various things under a microscope. However, his passion for medical sciences blossomed a bit later. He attributes this interest to two key factors: the first spark was the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, whose harrowing scenes and the critical role of the medical community in it left a deep impact on him. The second factor was pursuing his education in a new environment; he studied biology at the University of Massachusetts, where, in addition to graduating, he also earned a minor in chemistry. It was at this stage that Omid Farokhzad became more determined to pursue medicine in order to enhance his social standing, which led him to attend Boston University, where he earned a master's degree in the field.
A Puzzle of Various Sciences
During his medical studies, Farokhzad went to the National Cancer Institute in the United States to complete a specialized fellowship. After finishing his medical education, he began a postdoctoral program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working in the chemical engineering laboratory under the supervision of Robert Langer. Although his background was in molecular biology, he found himself in a lab where he needed to learn additional disciplines such as biomaterials and engineering. He believes these challenges and multidisciplinary training laid the foundation for his future research. In 2001, this researcher focused on a project involving the targeted delivery and controlled release of liposomal nanoparticles—tiny particles capable of delivering drugs with high precision to specific parts of the body. In this project, instead of using antigens as the standard protein molecule and relying on the lock-and-key mechanism, he utilized molecules called aptamers, which have a nucleic acid structure and offer greater advantages compared to antigens. The result of his efforts in this project was a paper that was accepted for publication in a specialized cancer research journal without receiving any negative feedback from scientific reviewers. After completing this journey and his postdoctoral program, Farokhzad began clinical training at Harvard Medical School at Brigham Hospital and became a faculty member at Harvard in 2004.
Farokhzad states that from the very beginning, he was deeply passionate about science, focusing more on research than clinical work, until he ultimately dedicated himself entirely to research. At a time when the application of nanotechnology in medicine and treatment was still largely unexplored, this innovative scientist established the Nanomedicine and Biomaterials Laboratory. After a decade, he expanded it into a Center for Nanomedicine, with nanobiotechnology forming the foundation of his work. The center's priority was to develop platforms and technologies that address a wide range of challenges rather than focusing on treating a single specific disease. Additionally, the center was highly active in publishing papers and securing patents. Subsequently, Farokhzad pursued studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management, earning an MBA. His mastery of diverse fields such as medicine, molecular biology, biomaterials, chemistry, engineering, and business had a significant impact on his career. Farokhzad attributes his successes, in addition to his other mentors, to Professor Robert Langer and his wife. Working alongside Langer, he learned that he could be both an academic and an entrepreneur. These two roles are not only compatible but can also inspire individuals to serve society and support young researchers.
Strike the Ground, Leap to the Sky
Resilience and adaptability are the defining philosophies of Farokhzad's life. He lives by the metaphor, “the harder a basketball strikes the ground, the higher it soars,” offering a lesson for our lives. In 2006, leveraging a grant from the National Institutes of Health, this researcher founded his first company, BIND, to bring his postdoctoral work to fruition. Although his ideas initially seemed impractical, he applied that same resilience and tenacity, making adjustments to the design of nanocarriers to successfully produce his company’s first product. He recalls, “When the first targeted nanoparticles we developed entered the human body, the news dominated headlines for weeks. One of the participants in our clinical trial was a woman with cervical cancer who had not responded to other treatments, but after the trial with our drug, her cancer was cured.” In the second phase of the project, the company faced a decline in the stock market, and ultimately, Pfizer acquired BIND. However, the harder the ball strikes the ground, the higher it will soar.
From Nanoparticles to Gout Treatment
The use of nanoparticles for inducing immune tolerance is known as ImmTOR. Previously, existing methods for creating immune tolerance using antigenic peptides or proteins failed to achieve desirable results in clinical trials. These approaches were largely ineffective due to the high antigenic and molecular complexity of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases arise from complex immune system reactions against the body’s own cells, tissues, or organs. In this context, nanotechnology has introduced new advancements capable of modulating immune responses. Nanoparticles can either activate or suppress the immune system. In 2008, Farokhzad took steps to improve gout treatment, a treatment that requires an enzyme called Uricase, which stimulates the immune system. For a patient to receive this enzyme, the body must recognize it as a self-protein. This is where ImmTOR, in combination with the Uricase enzyme, becomes significant. One of the major challenges in this approach was preventing an immune response to the injected nanoparticles. To address this issue, a collaboration between Farokhzad, Langer, and Ulrich H. von Andrian was formed, leading to the establishment of Selecta Biosciences. This company is working to develop immunomodulatory nanomedicines for the treatment and prevention of diseases, advancing these technologies from academic discoveries to clinical trials.
A Revolution in the Hands of Nanoparticles
In 2011, Farokhzad and his colleagues successfully advanced the first targeted nanoparticles with controlled release from discovery to human clinical trials. In the same year, he co-founded his third company, Tarveda Therapeutics. Another challenge was that when nanoparticles were injected into the body, a protein coating formed around them, affecting their performance. However, this issue did not hinder Farokhzad’s work; instead, it sparked a new idea. He realized that nanoparticles could be used to sample the proteome—the complete set of proteins in a living organism. This concept became the core focus of Seer, a company that develops precise tools for studying proteins using innovative methods. The ability to link genomic data to proteomic data is highly limited, primarily because access to the proteome lags behind access to the genome. Farokhzad’s efforts in this area enable scientists to access this information rapidly. Despite the high risks involved, if this idea is realized, it will yield remarkable results.
In 2018, Farokhzad resigned from his position as a professor at Harvard to establish Seer and bring this idea to fruition. That idea has now become a reality. The company’s product enables researchers and scientists to analyze biological samples, such as human blood, with greater precision and speed, accessing proteins that were previously undetectable. This capability is crucial for new discoveries and a deeper understanding of biological systems. The product can even be used for early cancer detection, as the proteome of a healthy individual differs from that of a patient. Three years after the foundation of the company, the first device, called Proteograph, was developed. The use of nanoparticles in treatment has a long history, dating back to the 1980s when drugs were encapsulated in liposomes or lipid nanoparticles. The scientific community’s current efforts focus on controlling the rate of drug release and delivering it precisely to specific sites in the body. These efforts stem from Farokhzad’s research on the regulated and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, designed to affect only cancer cells.
On the Podium of Honor
Amid these activities, Farokhzad also received numerous awards. In 2016, he won the Ellis Island Medal of Honor, and in 2014, he was awarded the Golden Door Award. In 2012, he received the Ernst & Young New England Entrepreneur of the Year Award, and the following year, he won the RUSNANOPRIZE. In 2015, Farokhzad was named one of the top 100 pioneering and influential scientists in biotechnology by Scientific American. in 2018, this scientist joined the National Academy of Inventors. From 2014 to 2023, Thomson Reuters recognized him as one of the most highly cited researchers, and the Boston Globe named him one of Massachusetts’s outstanding innovators. Furthermore, Boston Business magazine selected this researcher as one of its healthcare heroes. Farokhzad has served on the editorial boards of various journals, including ACS Nano, Future Medicine, Precision Nanomedicine, Advanced Therapeutics, and Drug Delivery. He has authored over 185 articles and holds more than 200 registered and pending patents.
The technologies developed by Farokhzad and his colleagues have served as the foundation for launching several other companies. Among them is PrognomiQ, established in 2020, which focuses on developing products for the early detection and treatment of diseases. Placon Therapeutics, aimed at cancer treatment, and Blend Therapeutics, active in developing innovative drugs, are among the other companies.
Farokhzad, by integrating various scientific disciplines, has demonstrated that the boundaries of science are always expandable. Through the development of innovative technologies in the field of nanomedicine, he has opened new pathways for treating complex diseases. His efforts, alongside those of other researchers in this field, have contributed to advancements in knowledge and applied technologies in recent years and will continue to be part of the transformative developments in this domain in the future.
 

New Hope in Nano
The enemy, disguised in deceptive clothing, is infiltrating and spreading covertly. At a time when distinguishing between foe and ordinary citizen is impossible, how can the nation's security be preserved? In these critical and pivotal moments, we need commandos who have undergone specialized training to confront such situations. The difference between commandos and regular soldiers lies in their precision, high attack efficiency, and, consequently, their defense of the country. This is the story of our body, cancer, and the role of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines are elite commandos that effectively combat cancer cells—our enemies—without harming ordinary citizens, or the healthy cells of the body. However, every skilled commando needs a capable commander. A commander who has a clear understanding of both the enemy and their soldiers. In medical science and treatment, the role of the commander is played by the researcher who selects nanomedicines based on the various factors that cancer exhibits.
Microscopic Hero
Over time, treatment methods have advanced, yet concerns about maintaining health, preventing, and curing diseases persist. To continue progressing in the field of medicine and treatment, all eyes are now on nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has grown in the fields of engineering, physics, chemistry, and biotechnology, and it has now entered the medical field with immense potential for expansion and development in the coming decade and beyond. Although the application of nanotechnology in this area is still in its early stages, scientists aware of its potential are collaborating with other scientific disciplines to make significant strides in preventing, diagnosing, and treating human diseases, as well as alleviating pain, paving the way for an exciting future. Among them, Omid Farokhzad is a successful scientist whose research interests include drug delivery, nanotechnology-based treatments, and studying diseases like cancer. He has published numerous articles in these fields.
From Theory to Practice
Nano exhibits capabilities that medicine has not achieved to date, which is why it has captured the attention of many scientists, including Farokhzad. Nanomedicines demonstrate better absorption, leading to maximum efficacy and minimal toxicity. Their unique size (a significant increase in surface-to-volume ratio) enhances surface energy, thereby increasing the reactivity of the particles. Additionally, the electrical, mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties of various nanoparticles have expanded their applications. Furthermore, targeted drug delivery and the identification of tumors or infected areas are made possible with the help of these tiny particles. Their ability to bypass biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, and deliver drugs to the intended site is another remarkable potential of these magical particles. However, alongside all these positive attributes, it must be noted that developing nanomedicines is not as simple as we describe it. To create effective nanomedicines, understanding the physiopathological nature of diseases and the interaction of nanoparticle surfaces with their surrounding environment in biological fluids is crucial.
Farokhzad's Interdisciplinary Approach
The use of nanoparticles in medicine and treatment is the result of collaboration across various disciplines, including chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry, physics, biology, biophysics, biochemistry, and even management, market monitoring, and leadership skills. Since Omid Farokhzad has studied biology, chemistry, medicine, and business management, and has worked in the fields of biomaterials and engineering, his interdisciplinary perspective has aided in the development and creation of nanomedicines. In this regard, he received the 2023 Mustafa(pbuh) Prize for the design, development, and clinical evaluation of novel polymer-based nanoparticle drugs.
The Symphony of Polymers and Nano
The complexity of certain diseases and the inherent toxicity of some drugs have heightened interest in developing and optimizing drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles are considered a key tool for improving the bioavailability of drugs, and their diversity makes them potentially ideal for meeting the needs of specific drug delivery systems. Polymeric materials have been used in a wide range of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products for over 40 years. In a 2012 article by Farokhzad, it is noted that new generations of polymeric nanoparticles have been engineered to deliver drugs in a targeted and controlled manner, and their precise design, combined with pharmacological optimization, can lead to improved safety and efficacy. These polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to transform into a new and highly distinctive type of therapy.
Modern pharmaceutics focuses on improving performance. The primary goal is to control the effect of drugs, extend their duration, and deliver them precisely to the target site in the body. Efforts are also made to address issues such as side effects, instability, and unwanted changes in drugs. In pursuit of this goal, another article by Omid Farokhzad explores the development of biodegradable polymers. These materials lead to significant advancements in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and the development of medical devices. The short half-life of many modern treatments and the toxicity of small-molecule drugs are the main driving forces behind the development of polymeric drug delivery methods. Polymers, due to their specific properties at the molecular and supramolecular scales, enable the design of more advanced drug delivery systems that can enhance drug properties and optimize their performance.
In one of his projects, Farokhzad investigates the use of a nanoparticle-aptamer combination for prostate cancer treatment. In this project, a coating of nanoparticles was first designed to encapsulate the target drug. This coating was made from two biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical studies. The role of these polymers was to increase the drug's circulation half-life in the blood and reduce its uptake by non-target cells. The research team then designed an RNA-based aptamer capable of binding to specific receptors on prostate cells, receptors that are significantly more abundant in cancerous prostate cells. The results showed that the nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugate could efficiently target and be absorbed by the intended cells. The research team believes that by optimizing this drug carrier model, significant progress can be made in treating many critical human diseases.
Another of Farokhzad’s achievements is the design of a nanocarrier used in immunotherapy. One type of immunotherapy involves creating cancer vaccines. In this method, a cancer antigen or its genetic code is injected into the body to stimulate the immune system to combat cancer cells. In addition to the vaccine, auxiliary compounds called adjuvants are typically introduced into the body to enhance the immune response by improving antigen presentation and processing, as well as making drug delivery more targeted. However, the primary challenge with adjuvants is their toxicity and side effects. Consequently, one of the main challenges in vaccine development is the modeling and clinical use of potent adjuvants. In 2014, Farokhzad and his team designed a nanocarrier that encapsulates and protects both the antigen and the adjuvant. These studies demonstrated that the designed nanocarrier enhances the immune response needed to fight cancer while also preventing the vaccine’s degradation by enzymes within the body.
Among the other achievements of this researcher is the design of drug-delivery nanotechnology tools known as bioresorbable drones, which deliver specific types of drugs to the body and contribute to the treatment of diseases related to atherosclerosis. Additionally, the design and development of a collagen patch embedded with nanoparticles is another of his accomplishments, intended for patients with severe injuries. These patches can deliver antibiotics and other drugs to accelerate the healing of broken bones and wounds in a more effective and controlled manner compared to current approaches, preventing infections and subsequent surgeries.
Before understanding the science of nanomedicine, we may not have had much hope to cure cancer. But now, humanity is devising methods to attack this enemy more effectively—attacks that, unlike chemotherapy and radiotherapy, do not destroy healthy cells and act with precision. It’s akin to training elite commandos who venture into the most dangerous situations for the safety of the nation and its citizens. These nano-commandos, led by brilliant researchers like Omid Farokhzad, herald a future where cancer will no longer be our invincible foe.
 

Steps Toward a Better Tomorrow
Every person's life is a story of challenges, victories, and failures, each one offering a world of experience. Among them, Samia Khoury is one of the scientific figures who, through the twists and turns of her choices, followed a path that not only impacted her own future but also the lives of others. She skillfully translates the findings of her experiments into human realms and, through her hypotheses, provides promising results for the treatment of MS. Her life is an example of the impact of knowledge and commitment in solving medical and social issues.
A Life-Altering Crossroad
In 1975, when Khoury was just 15 years old, her homeland, Lebanon, was engulfed in the flames of civil war—a fire that drowned life in instability and the light of the future in darkness. School closures, bloodshed, and the severe injury of her father created circumstances where any teenager would walk the path of despair and hopelessness. However, Khoury did not abandon her childhood dream. She had dreamed of becoming a doctor since age three, imagining herself in a white coat. The events that unfolded did not hinder her growth; instead, amid bombings and the sight of wounded individuals, they nurtured in her the motivation to become a savior.
A Light in the Darkness
Although the year-long school closures had halted her pursuit of knowledge, Khoury, with the support of her parents, became a role model for her younger brother and two sisters, finding a way to blossom amid the chaos of war. She immersed herself in books and studying, seeking refuge in the world of science and knowledge. Khoury saw no limitations in her path to progress, and even in the absence of electricity, she studied by candlelight, preparing for the following year's lessons. Each page she turned brought her one step closer to her goal, eventually earning her the top rank in the Lebanese national entrance exam. She then attended the American University of Beirut to pursue her medical degree, using it as a springboard to Harvard University. In 1983, she became a member of the honorary medical society, Alpha Omega Alpha, and in 1984, after receiving her degree, she began specializing in MS at Harvard. She then completed her internship and residency in Cleveland, Ohio, until 1988, and then pursued a neurology fellowship at Harvard Medical School.
A Companion
In 1980, amid the competitive atmosphere of the American University of Beirut, she met Mohamed Sayegh. Both were medical students, and what drew them together was their shared love of science and learning that burned within them. They worked together on ideas and research projects, deepening both their personal and professional relationship. At the time, while Khoury was at Harvard, under Dr. Howard Weiner’s supervision, completing her neuroimmunology course, she began her research and clinical training on MS. There was no treatment for the disease then, which motivated Khoury to dedicate herself more seriously to this issue. In 2011, while both were at the height of their scientific and professional achievements, Khoury and her husband returned to Lebanon to apply the results of years of research at Harvard in their home country. From the very beginning, Khoury was determined to return to Beirut after her studies to serve her people. Her husband's support further fueled her determination. In 2021, Mohamed Sayegh was honored with the Mustafa(pbuh) Prize for his innovative treatments to improve the results of kidney and heart allografts in medical science. This recognition also introduced Khoury to the prize and integrated her into this esteemed scientific community.
Awards and Achievements
Khoury’s belief in the connection between physical and psychological harm led to the establishment of the multidisciplinary MS center in Lebanon. This center focuses on multidimensional treatments, where individuals are not only examined from a physical standpoint but also from a psychological and emotional one. Khoury’s innovative treatment methods and her efforts to identify the pathogens and mechanisms regulating and tolerating it the disease earned her the Mustafa(pbuh) Prize in 2023. She has also received the Kuwait Science Award in 2007 from the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for her research in immunology and the King Salman Award for her research on disability and impairments in 2022.
She has served as a professor of Neurology and Immunology, director of the MS Nehme and Therese Tohme Center, and director of the Abu-Haidar Neuroscience Institute at the American University of Beirut. throughout her scientific career, she has held various roles, including the Associate Dean of the Faculty for Clinical and Applied Research and as the director of the MS Research Center in Boston. Furthermore, numerous articles authored by her have been published in scientific journals. From 2000 to 2004, she was a contributing writer for the Journal of Immunology, and from 2016 to 2021, she held a similar role at the Annals of Neurology.
The Meaning of Wealth
With a deep concern for helping her fellow countrymen, Khoury has significantly contributed to improving the lives of the Lebanese. Through her persistence and commitment to the health of financially disadvantaged patients, she has raised funds to cover treatment costs. Her goal is to ensure that all MS patients, regardless of their financial situation, can receive essential medical services at the MS center.
The Children in White Coats
In science, the role of professors and their impact on future generations is incredibly significant. From 2009 to 2013, Khoury served as a faculty member in Neurology at Harvard Medical School under Jack, Sadie, and David Breakstone. Through her guidance, she encouraged many individuals to join the complex and beautiful world of neuroscience, leaving a profound impact on the future of medicine. Additionally, her two children, influenced by the academic environment at home, became diligent and successful doctors. Through her participation in prestigious scientific associations and presenting her findings on MS, she has expanded the boundaries of science in her own way, guiding many researchers toward this field and inspiring new generations of scholars to enter it. Not only does her research promise positive developments in medicine, but by nurturing future researchers, she is watering the scientific tree whose fruits will bear results in the future.
The story of Samia Khoury serves as a reminder that individual efforts can have a profound impact on both personal and social paths. By focusing on medical issues, Khoury worked tirelessly to find solutions to improve patient conditions. Her efforts to enhance the quality of life for patients not only influenced scientific research but also kept the light of hope alive for patients and their families, drawing a brighter future for humanity.
 

The Battle Against Demyelination
A Look at Samia Khoury's Efforts in Treating MS Patients
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that challenges all our assumptions about the body's system functions and tells the story of an internal war. Chaos engulfs the central nervous system, and all the cells, from activated T cells to B cells and even the innate immune system, join forces to bring the body down. The myelin is mistakenly perceived as the enemy and is eliminated one by one. In the meantime, inflammation affects the function of neural stem cells, preventing neurons and brain cells from regenerating and healing. Gradually, the problems manifest: MS leads to visual impairments, tingling and numbness in the body, loss of balance or dizziness, and, in the worst case, premature death. However, amidst this battle, a ray of hope shines from researchers like Samia Khoury.
Since MS was first recognized, treatments have taken various paths, ranging from older drugs like Rituximab to Glatiramer acetate, Fingolimod, and Ocrelizumab. However, none have managed to target the Achilles' heel of the disease or provide a definitive cure. Today, Khoury, in pursuit of innovations in this field, has established the Multidisciplinary MS Center in Lebanon. The professionals at this institution, from nurses and pharmacists to social workers, are all specialists, and the focus is on providing comprehensive care for patients. In addition to studying the progress of MS in the 2,000 patients at the center, treatments for depression, physiotherapy sessions, and any necessary measures for recovery are carried out, considering all aspects. Khoury’s innovative approach to treating the disease, along with her efforts in identifying pathogenic factors and mechanisms of regulation and tolerance, led to her receiving the Mustafa(pbuh) Prize in 2023.
Despite the different ways MS manifests in different individuals, the disease is generally classified into three categories: relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, and secondary progressive. However, there is no specific test that can definitively diagnose the disease. In general, a combination of clinical symptoms and examinations, such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis and MRI, can suggest the presence of the disease. In this regard, extensive research is being conducted to improve prediction and diagnosis. Khoury’s research on the relapsing-remitting category offers hope for a brighter future in this field. Patients in this category experience periods of symptoms that improve, but after some time, some patients transition to the secondary progressive form, with symptoms gradually worsening. This study shows that thinning of the retinal layer can indicate the progression of the disease in relapsing-remitting MS. This layer is examined using a type of imaging called Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), and interestingly, these changes can be predicted up to two years before the appearance of clinical symptoms.
Just as solving a puzzle requires finding clues, understanding MS requires identifying key clues which the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model helps uncover. This model is a simulated form of MS that creates conditions similar to the disease in animals. With this approach, scientists can study inflammatory and immune activities in the body, leading to a better understanding of the causes and treatments of the disease. Khoury, by utilizing this method, was able to achieve a more precise analysis of the factors influencing the development of the disease, particularly the environmental factors involved. Through this approach, she simulated various events and predicted the potential consequences of environmental changes, making a significant contribution to our understanding of the relationship between the environment and health.
Genetic Predisposition Only Explains a Fraction of the Increased Risk 
The exact causes of MS are still not fully understood, but research suggests it is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. While genetics plays a key role in many diseases, studies on MS have not yet been able to fully establish the inheritance patterns of the disease. Research on the DNA of MS patients shows that more than 200 genetic variants are associated with the disease and may increase the likelihood of developing it; however, these variants alone do not cause the disease. As a result, even if an individual carries these specific variants, they will have a lower chance of developing MS if they live in a healthy environment. Scientists continue to study the relationship between genetics and environment to better understand the disease and come up with preventive approaches.
Here, we examine a few environmental factors affecting MS, according to Khoury's research:
Vitamin D Deficiency
"vitamin D" is often associated with two words: calcium and bones. However, the role of this vitamin goes beyond just calcium absorption and bone strength. Khoury's research on the impact of vitamin D on MS represents a significant step in understanding the connection between nutrition and the health of the nervous system. Since this vitamin plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, it can act as a protective agent against inflammation and neural damage in this disease. Additionally, vitamin D influences the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, potentially increasing the production of oligodendrocytes, which are the primary cells responsible for creating myelin. The tests in this study showed that patients with insufficient vitamin D levels scored lower on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). In this test, participants must memorize symbols with numbers shown beforehand and then re-associate them. The mentioned research indicates that lower scores in individuals with insufficient vitamin D suggest that their brain processing speed was slower than normal. In another phase, MRI scans revealed that patients who received adequate vitamin D levels had significant changes in brain volume, especially in the cerebellum. Khoury noted that obtaining vitamin D through sunlight or supplements, especially in Middle Eastern countries like Lebanon, where individuals often show low levels of this vitamin, could help improve MS-related symptoms. However, it's important to note that awareness of vitamin D’s wide-ranging effects should not lead to self-prescription. As a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin D should be taken under medical supervision, since high doses can cause serious side effects.
Smoking Fuels the Flame of MS
Smoking is a risk factor for MS. Smokers, compared to those who have never smoked, tend to have worse conditions, with the progression of the disease being faster. Additionally, smoking accelerates brain tissue loss, and gradually, smokers experience greater challenges with their neurological functions. In general, smoking not only impacts the severity of the disease but also causes faster progression and more severe complications for patients. As a result, quitting smoking can be a beneficial step toward improving the health of these individuals.
From the Equator to the Poles
Khoury's research on 50,000 patients shows that geographic factors such as climate, sunlight, and even cultural traditions can contribute to the development of secondary progressive MS. People living in northern and colder regions are at a higher risk of developing MS due to the possible effects of low sunlight and vitamin D deficiency, while those living near the equator are likely less prone to the disease. Understanding these geographic factors allows society to adopt more preventive measures in daily life.
A Microscopic Look
Khoury's research on the impact of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) showed that viruses can also influence MS. In one of these studies, 249 MS patients were compared to 230 healthy individuals. The results revealed that the patients had the highest levels of EBV-related antibodies compared to the healthy controls. This finding led to the hypothesis that B lymphocytes infected with this virus could negatively affect immune cell function through a molecule called an exosome. However, it’s important to note that this virus is not the primary cause of the disease; it merely increases the likelihood of developing MS.
From Research to Treatment
Cytokines are crucial proteins that help regulate immune responses, and any disruption in their function can lead to autoimmune diseases, including MS. Therefore, balancing these levels may be effective in preventing disease progression. Khoury is working on improving the condition of patients by researching cytokines like TGF-β. Additionally, her research has led to clinical studies using oral antigens. One of the interesting results of the research has been the success in inducing oral tolerance. When specific antigens are introduced orally into the body, they can reduce the immune reactions that cause autoimmune diseases. Essentially, using these antigens could help the immune system recognize them as part of the body and not attack them. By generating a favorable immune response, this process helps reduce symptoms of MS and EAE (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis).
In conclusion, the research findings are significant for both the scientific community and the general public, helping to raise awareness and fight the disease. Samia Khoury, with her wealth of experience, has become a symbol of hope and motivation for those affected. Through her efforts, she has shown that hope can illuminate the way, even in the darkest moments.
 

A Journey from Faith to the Peaks of Progress

Sometimes in life, we encounter individuals who, with determination and a creative outlook, shape a brighter future for themselves and others. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail is one such person whose focus on solving complex global challenges has profoundly impacted the improvement of human life and the advancement of sustainable technologies. His research spans from water purification to the development of innovative technologies in renewable energy and kidney disease treatment. Recognized as a pioneering scientist, Ismail has achieved remarkable success in promoting green and innovative technologies.
A Spark for Nurturing Scientific Talent
Born in 1966 in Cambodia, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail developed a passion for the natural sciences from a young age. During his teenage years, he excelled in regional and national science competitions, which steered him toward choosing chemical engineering as his field of study—a discipline that allowed him to address the challenges he was determined to solve. In 1975, Ismail and his family migrated to Malaysia, where he grew up in the town of Kantra, pursuing his education there until the age of twelve. Later, he moved to the historic state of Malacca, where the unique cultural and scientific environment profoundly shaped his personality and research interests. Ismail began his university studies at the University of Technology Malaysia (UTM), graduating in 1989. He then pursued a Ph.D. in chemical engineering and membrane technology at the University of Strathclyde in the United Kingdom. This period marked the beginning of his impactful scientific research, focusing on improving water purification processes and designing high-efficiency membranes, ultimately leading to reduced energy consumption and enhanced performance in these areas.
In the Light of Science and Faith
Ismail’s fascination with membrane technology began during his master’s studies when he was first introduced to its fundamental concepts. One of his influential professors opened a new pathway for his research by introducing him to this field. During this time, while exploring phenomena related to the separation of saltwater and freshwater, Ismail was struck by certain verses in the Quran, such as those in Surah Al-Rahman and Surah Al-Furqan, which remarkably describe a barrier between two bodies of water. In modern engineering, this concept aligns with the notion of a “membrane.” This spiritual inspiration deepened his interest in the field and became a powerful motivator for pursuing his doctoral research in membrane technology. The connection between Quranic insights and scientific discoveries provided a fertile ground for his innovations and the commercialization of his ideas in membrane technology. Ismail’s deep belief that his scientific journey has been guided by divine inspiration has played a pivotal role in sustaining his efforts.

Achievements that Address Challenges
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail’s research across various scientific domains has led to significant advancements in improving human life and addressing critical challenges. One of his most notable achievements is the development of advanced membranes for water purification. This technology has been vital in providing sustainable access to clean water, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. Additionally, Ismail has tackled challenges in sustainable energy by developing innovative energy storage methods that optimize the use of renewable sources like solar and wind energy. In the medical field, his advancements in designing specialized membranes for dialysis have revolutionized the treatment of kidney diseases. These membranes, tailored to enhance dialysis efficiency, have significantly reduced side effects and provided more effective treatments for kidney patients. These innovations have not only improved patients’ quality of life but also lowered treatment costs and reduced reliance on complex, expensive equipment.
A Testament to Dedication
Throughout his scientific career, Ismail has earned numerous national and international awards. Among the most prestigious are the Mustafa(pbuh) Prize in 2023, the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Award in 2019, and the Merdeka Award for Outstanding Scientific Research in 2014. These accolades reflect his relentless efforts to advance science and technology. Since 2013, Ismail has served as the deputy vice-chancellor of the University of Technology Malaysia (UTM), during which time he has transformed the institution into a leading hub for research. Under his leadership, UTM has achieved remarkable progress in fields such as chemical engineering, membrane technology, and renewable energy. Beyond elevating the university’s academic standing, Ismail has played a crucial role in mentoring young researchers, fostering the next generation of scientists and engineers. Today, UTM is a key player in addressing global challenges, with a focus on sustainable development, applied research, and international collaborations.
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail’s scientific contributions in water purification, renewable energy, and kidney disease treatment have solidified his prominent role in advancing cutting-edge technologies. His research in designing advanced membranes and optimizing energy storage methods has addressed global challenges in securing sustainable water and energy resources. His journey underscores that true progress stems from persistent effort and a focus on finding effective solutions to pressing issues.
 

From Polluted Water to Droplets of Life

In today’s world, water, as a vital and precious resource, faces the serious challenge of pollution, making the use of innovative technologies for water and wastewater treatment more essential than ever. In this context, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, a laureate of the 5th Mustafa(pbuh) Prize, has played a significant role in addressing this global need through his innovations in membrane technology. By leveraging advanced membranes, he has developed effective methods for treating oily wastewater and desalinating seawater. His research has had a profound impact on various industries and has improved the quality of human life, serving as a model for future advancements in environmental and sustainable technologies.
Separating Water from Oil
Oily pollutants pose one of the greatest challenges in treating industrial wastewater, particularly in the oil and gas industries, which release significant amounts of contaminants into water sources daily. Ismail has made a substantial contribution to tackling this issue by applying nanotechnology. He has designed advanced nanomembranes with unique properties, such as extreme hydrophobicity and high oleophilicity, offering effective solutions for removing oily contaminants from water. These membranes are engineered to selectively allow oil molecules to pass through while purifying water with high precision. Ismail’s research, including studies on the effects of additives like carbon and silica nanoparticles on membrane properties and performance, highlights their efficiency. Beyond their applications in the oil and gas industries, these technologies are also valuable for managing environmental pollution and treating urban and industrial wastewater.
Drinking from the Sea
In arid, water-scarce regions like the Persian Gulf countries, technologies such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration are critical for producing potable water from seawater on an industrial scale. These technologies have gained attention for their ability to reduce energy consumption in water treatment processes and improve efficiency under challenging conditions. In one of his studies, Ismail addressed challenges related to enhancing the efficiency of desalination processes and reducing membrane fouling. The nanomembranes incorporating nanomaterials designed by him are not only more resistant to salts but also require less energy due to reduced fouling and increased permeability. As previously noted, Ismail’s integration of specific nanomaterials, such as silica and carbon, has enhanced the mechanical and chemical properties of these membranes. These membranes exhibit greater resilience in harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and corrosive chemical environments, resulting in a longer lifespan.
One Technology, Multiple Applications
The development of nanofiltration membranes has provided an effective solution for treating water contaminated with chemicals, heavy metals, and biological pollutants. These membranes, capable of removing extremely fine particles, have elevated water purification to a new level. Their advantages include reduced energy consumption, enhanced durability, and lower operational costs. Nanomembranes are particularly effective in regions facing shortages of clean water and pollution challenges, finding applications in urban, industrial, and agricultural water treatment. Beyond water and wastewater treatment, membrane and nanotechnology have significantly impacted various industrial and medical fields. Ismail’s development of hollow fiber membranes with high selectivity for gas separation has provided an effective method for separating gases in industrial and environmental processes. These membranes are particularly useful in treating industrial gases and polluted air. Their strength lies in their ability to separate gases with high precision and minimal energy consumption, making them highly valuable in industries such as oil, gas, and renewable energy.
Membranes in Medicine
Ismail has also applied nanofiltration technology to blood purification and dialysis processes. Nanofiltration enhances the efficiency of dialysis machines by effectively separating waste materials from blood. This breakthrough has improved medical treatments, reduced side effects, and enhanced the quality of life for patients with kidney failure. Additionally, Ismail has designed metal catalysts to improve industrial chemical processes. These catalysts accelerate chemical reactions and reduce energy consumption, leading to lower production costs and increased efficiency in industries such as chemicals, oil, gas, and pharmaceuticals.
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail’s achievements in advancing membrane technology exemplify scientific progress in addressing today’s societal needs. His advancements in water purification, gas separation, and medical applications through cutting-edge technologies demonstrate the potential of science tackle global challenges. These accomplishments offer solutions to critical issues and pave the way for a more sustainable future.
 

Opening New Horizons in Communication Science

Wireless communication has brought about a profound transformation in human interactions, and Murat Uysal stands at the forefront of this field. A professor at New York University Abu Dhabi in the UAE, Uysal is a distinguished international scientist who inspires the next generation of innovators in wireless communication.
A Light in the Darkness
Murat Uysal was born in 1973 in Istanbul, Turkey. His childhood was marked by significant challenges, including the loss of his father. When his mother was just 27, she dedicated herself entirely to raising Uysal and his sister. The family survived on the modest pension of his grandparents, grappling with financial difficulties from an early age. His mother often said, “If you want something in life, you have to work hard for it.” This advice became Uysal’s life motto, fueling his determination to achieve his goals through effort and perseverance.
A Path to Success
After completing high school, Uysal enrolled at Istanbul Technical University, earning his bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering in 1995. During his undergraduate years, he worked part-time, which impacted his grades. Initially, he aimed to secure a job in the industry as an engineer after graduation. However, fate had other plans. In his final year, he met Erdal Panayirci, who introduced him to the world of wireless communication. Despite Uysal’s modest grades, Panayirci recognized his potential and encouraged him to pursue a master’s degree under his guidance. Uysal graduated at the top of his class through great effort, publishing his first academic papers. Reflecting on this, he says, “I owe my success to Panayirci; he transformed my life.”
Returning with Knowledge
After completing his master’s degree, Uysal moved to the United States for further studies. In 2001, he earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University under the mentorship of Costas N. Georghiades. Studying abroad presented numerous challenges, but Uysal found the experience immensely rewarding. After obtaining his doctorate, he began his academic career as an assistant professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada, where he lived and worked for ten years, eventually achieving the rank of full professor. This position offered him the opportunity to remain at Waterloo until retirement, but in 2011, he chose to return to Turkey to serve his homeland and embrace new professional challenges.
A Bridge from Science to Industry
In 2011, Uysal joined Özyeğin University in Turkey, where he served as the head of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department. At Özyeğin, he established an international research program focused on communication theory and wireless communication. In 2015, with substantial government funding, he founded the Optical Wireless Communication Technologies Center of Excellence (OKATEM). This institution, the first of its kind in Turkey and one of the few globally, is dedicated to research and development in optical wireless communication. OKATEM quickly gained international recognition, and Uysal went on to establish Hyperion Technologies, a company that successfully commercialized some of the technologies developed at OKATEM.
After a successful decade in Turkey, Uysal joined New York University Abu Dhabi in September 2023 to continue his cutting-edge research. He is now recognized as a leading scientist in visible light communication and was honored as a laureate of the 2023 Mustafa(pbuh) Prize for residents of Islamic countries in recognition of his contributions to this field. Uysal’s research primarily focuses on communication theory and signal processing, with a particular emphasis on the physical layer aspects of wireless communication systems in both radio frequency and optical bands. His work in optical wireless communication has significantly advanced the field, paving the way for practical applications across various domains.
With approximately 400 publications in scientific journals and conferences, over 20,000 citations, and an h-index of 63, Uysal has made a significant impact on the discipline.
To the Pinnacle of Honor
Uysal has received numerous accolades for his groundbreaking research. Among his notable awards is the Marsland Faculty Fellowship in 2004. In 2008, he was honored with the NSERC Discovery Accelerator Award, followed by the University of Waterloo’s Outstanding Research Award in Engineering in 2010. In 2011, he received the Young Scientist Award from the Turkish Academy of Sciences, followed by the National Instruments Engineering Impact Award in 2017. In 2018, Uysal earned two prestigious distinctions: the Outstanding Researcher Award from Özyeğin University and the Elginkan Foundation Technology Award. In 2019, he was awarded the IEEE Communications Society Best Survey Paper Award, and in 2021, he received the IEEE Turkey Section Outstanding Service Award.
Through perseverance, Uysal overcame the early challenges of his life to establish a distinguished presence in the field of wireless communication. A review of his professional journey reveals the processes involved in shaping a scientific career—a path that began with personal experiences in childhood and led to significant contributions in international research and industrial projects. His story underscores the importance of resilience, the influence of mentors and supporters, and the readiness to embrace change. Uysal’s achievements, from founding cutting-edge research centers to commercializing innovative technologies, reflect his unwavering commitment and passion for advancing knowledge and technology.
 

From Smoke Signals to Optical Wireless Communication
Ancient civilizations employed ingenious methods to transmit messages over long distances, laying the groundwork for modern communication systems. One of the earliest techniques was using smoke signals to convey messages. Fire was also utilized during times of war or danger as a signaling mechanism, while torches served a communicative role in religious ceremonies and celebrations. Additionally, in ancient times, sunlight was harnessed as a form of optical wireless communication (OWC). Greeks and Romans used polished shields to reflect sunlight and send simple messages during battles. In the late 19th century, the heliograph, or sun mirror, was employed for military communication, using mirrors to direct sunlight to distant stations.
The Beginning of a New Era
Alexander Graham Bell described his photophone as “his greatest invention,” considering it a monumental achievement. Although the device never reached commercial use, it captured the attention of the military, leading to the use of arc lamps for voice communication in military settings. Today, optical wireless communication relies on lasers or LEDs as transmitters. This approach has revolutionized how we interact with one another, and Murat Uysal stands at the forefront of this exciting field. While wireless communication primarily operates through radio frequency (RF) bands, these have limited bandwidth and capacity and are regulated by governments. In today’s world, the demand for wireless data is growing exponentially, placing significant pressure on the radio spectrum. Beyond the RF spectrum lies the vast, unregulated optical spectrum.
An Optical Revolution
In his research on optical wireless communication, Uysal has proposed solutions to address the congestion of the radio spectrum. These solutions involve using unlicensed optical bands for wireless communication and mitigating the challenges associated with RF frequencies. Uysal has played a pivotal role in advancing technologies such as Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Free-Space Optical Communication (FSOC). These technologies have diverse applications, including optical interconnects in integrated circuits, communication between buildings, and satellite links. VLC utilizes visible light beams, modulating the intensity of LEDs to enable data transmission. Uysal has focused on designing the physical layers of these systems, contributing to improved quality and coverage of domestic communication systems. He has also been instrumental in standardizing this technology internationally and in shaping a future where LED lamps provide internet connectivity.
Underwater Conversations
One of Uysal’s recent studies explores visible light communication in underwater environments. The research highlights the growing demand for communication systems underwater due to expanding human activities, such as scientific data collection, environmental monitoring, offshore oil field exploration, marine archaeology, port security, and tactical surveillance. Currently, most underwater communication relies on acoustic signals, which are insufficient for emerging applications requiring high-bandwidth, real-time transmission of images and videos. To address these challenges, Uysal proposes a technology based on modulating the intensity of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) for underwater communication.
Smart Cities
One of the key applications of optical wireless communication technology is the development of smart cities. Imagine a city where everything—from traffic lights to waste management systems—is interconnected, with communications occurring at high speeds and with robust security. This is the essence of a smart city, which leverages information and communication technologies to enhance efficiency and improve the well-being of its citizens. Many countries are reevaluating their urban planning strategies to build comprehensive communication technology infrastructures aimed at improving the quality of life. This includes intelligent transportation systems that utilize advanced technologies such as sensors, communication networks, and data processing to optimize transportation systems.
When Lights Speak
In recent years, the use of energy-efficient LEDs in outdoor lighting, traffic signs, advertising displays, and vehicles—such as brake lights and turn signals—has surged. The widespread presence of LEDs in outdoor environments and vehicles has created opportunities to utilize Visible Light Communication (VLC) for data transmission. Vehicles equipped with LED-based headlights and taillights can communicate with each other and with roadside units through this technology. Compared to radio frequency (RF) communication, VLC offers several advantages, including resistance to electromagnetic interference, operation in unlicensed frequency bands, and inherent security that allows for greater frequency reuse. As a result, VLC can be employed for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) networking using the LEDs already installed in vehicles. These lights can transmit data such as location and speed to other vehicles or roadside infrastructure, enhancing road safety, enabling traffic management, and helping prevent accidents. As researchers continue to explore the potential of this technology, we can look forward to a future where our vehicles are smarter and safer than ever.
In the Service of Health and Advanced Communications
Uysal has also explored the potential of optical wireless communication in medical applications. One notable use is in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN), which employ wearable sensors to collect health-related data. Additionally, Uysal has contributed to the development of Free-Space Optical Communication (FSOC) technologies which enable high-speed data transmission between two fixed points using narrow laser beams. With its exceptionally high bandwidth, FSOC significantly boosts data transfer speeds, making it ideal for applications such as enterprise connectivity, video surveillance, and more.
Optical wireless communication, as an emerging technology, is driving transformative changes in today’s world. From its applications in healthcare to its diverse uses in transportation networks and smart cities, this technology has effectively provided innovative solutions to complex challenges. With ongoing advancements and its vast potential, we can envision a future where faster, more secure interactions are always within reach. These developments pave the way for a significant improvement in the quality of human life.